Understanding Narcissism's Shades: Grandiosity and Vulnerability
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a psychological condition that often manifests as an inflated sense of superiority, a need for admiration, and an inability to empathize with others. The term "narcissism" stems from the ancient Greek myth of Narcissus, who became obsessed with his self-image.
Research suggests that there are two main subtypes of NPD: grandiose NPD and vulnerable NPD. Grandiose NPD, also known as overt NPD, is characterized by high self-esteem, confidence, a sense of superiority, impulsiveness, and entitlement. Those with grandiose NPD may exploit others for personal gain, appear arrogant, and can become aggressive if their behavior is challenged. They often ignore advice and blame others for negative outcomes, maintaining a facade of confidence.
On the other hand, vulnerable NPD, also known as hypersensitive or covert NPD, is marked by insecurity, low self-esteem, hypersensitivity, and a seeking of criticism. Those with vulnerable NPD may become withdrawn and passive if they do not receive attention and validation. They can be defensive and have a negative outlook on past events and the future.
Although early research suggested that these subtypes typically affected different types of people, recent findings indicate that individuals with grandiose NPD can shift between grandiose and vulnerable features. Conversely, those with vulnerable NPD tend to consistently exhibit more vulnerable features and fewer grandiose features.
Healthcare professionals diagnose NPD as a cluster B personality disorder, taking into account several assessments and interview structures, such as the five-factor narcissism inventory and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which involve examining personal history, mental health status, and personality traits.
Treatment for NPD may include transference-focused psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, which can help address self-esteem dysregulation and interpersonal relationships. Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications to treat NPD.
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Individuals with other mental health issues might find it challenging to navigate relationships with individuals diagnosed with mental health conditions like NPD. Regular exercise and mindfulness practices can significantly improve one's mental health, including addressing symptoms related to narcissistic personality disorder.
