Link between Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Identified Risk Factors
The link between breast and ovarian cancer is firmly established, largely due to genetic factors. Of particular significance are mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which increase the risk of both cancers for affected individuals.
Both breast and ovarian cancers share some underlying genetic risk factors. People with these risk factors may have an elevated risk of developing both types of cancer. Age, weight, pregnancy history, and hormonal influences are other shared risk factors that individuals may have some control over.
Research indicates that individuals who have been diagnosed with breast cancer have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer, particularly if their breast cancer is associated with genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. Specifically, those with a history of breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop subsequent primary ovarian cancer. Conversely, ovarian cancer survivors may have a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer, although the risk varies according to the time elapsed since their initial diagnosis.
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are among the most significant shared risk factors. Approximately 40% of families with both ovarian and breast cancer have BRCA1 gene mutations, while about 20% have BRCA2 mutations. Additionally, a personal or family history of either cancer, older age, being overweight or obese, failing to carry a pregnancy to term, not breastfeeding, and hormone therapy after menopause are other shared risk factors.
While some risk factors, such as previous breast or ovarian cancer diagnoses, cannot be changed, managing these risk factors may involve careful monitoring, lifestyle changes, and, in some cases, preventive medical procedures. Frequent and thorough screening, which may include mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests, can help detect new cancers early. Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is another critical strategy for monitoring and prevention.
For people carrying genetic mutations, doctors may consider additional options such as prophylactic surgeries to remove potentially cancerous organs or tissues. Modifiable risk factors such as achieving and maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, reducing alcohol intake, and discussing contraception options with a doctor can help reduce the risk of both breast and ovarian cancers.
A 2020 observational study suggests that people with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer have a relatively favorable outlook, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of around 90%. The prognosis tends to be more positive when the interval between the two diagnoses is longer. However, ovarian cancer following breast cancer often occurs at a later stage, which can negatively impact survival. A person's age during their first cancer diagnosis and the time between the two cancers are significant predictors of overall survival.
People should speak with a doctor if signs or symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer appear, especially in the presence of a personal or family history of these diseases. It is essential to remain vigilant for signs of recurrence or a second cancer after a previous diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer.
A history of one cancer can increase the risk of developing the other, particularly if these cancers are linked to genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. Regular screening and awareness of these risks are crucial for early detection and management of both cancers.
People with ovarian cancer may have a higher risk of various cancers, including breast cancer, bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, colorectal cancer, acute leukemia, and melanoma of the eye. Breast cancer can metastasize, or spread, to the ovaries, though this is relatively uncommon. People at high risk of ovarian cancer include those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, a history of never having been pregnant, a late first pregnancy, and advanced age.
Both breast and ovarian cancers share genetic and lifestyle risk factors, with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations being key genetic factors. A history of one cancer can increase the risk of the other, particularly in the presence of these mutations. Regular screening and awareness of these risks are crucial for early detection and management of both cancers.
- People with genetic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes may have an increased risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer.
- Age, weight, pregnancy history, and hormonal influences are shared risk factors that individuals may have some control over, increasing their risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer.
- If diagnosed with breast cancer, individuals have an increased risk of subsequently developing ovarian cancer, especially if the breast cancer is associated with genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.
- For those carrying genetic mutations, doctors may consider preventive surgeries to remove potentially cancerous organs or tissues as part of managing the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.
- Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is a critical strategy for monitoring and prevention of breast and ovarian cancer.
- People with a history of ovarian cancer may also have an increased risk of developing various other cancers, such as breast cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma of the eye.
