Execution by Hanging
Hanging is a type of asphyxia caused by the body being suspended by a ligature around the neck, with the constricting force being the body's weight. This method of death can occur indoors or outdoors and using various materials such as rope, cord, dhoti, chunri, saree, scarf, wire, or any other suitable ligature material.
In a typical hanging, the ligature runs above the thyroid cartilage symmetrically and goes upward on both sides of the neck to the occipital region, with the knot behind the central region of the neck. This specific pattern helps distinguish hanging from other causes of death.
Hanging can result in fatal hypoxia, which occurs when the oxygen level falls below 20% of normal, usually within 3 to 5 minutes. Common signs and post-mortem appearances in cases of hanging death include external ligature marks around the neck, deep purple-red discoloration (congestion) of the head, neck, and upper chest above the constriction, and petechial hemorrhages (small pinpoint bleeding spots) on the face and eyes. Internally, autopsy often reveals neck muscle hemorrhages, carotid artery tears, congestion of organs, and sometimes fractures of the larynx or cervical spine.
Forensic pathologists use these signs to differentiate hanging from other causes of death and establish the manner and mechanism of death during autopsy. For instance, the ligature mark is often well-defined and encircles the neck, showing a groove corresponding to the material used. The congested areas appear intensely deep purple-red due to blood pooling from venous obstruction above the ligature.
Investigators play a crucial role in crime scene investigation, making a note of the type of knot, the body position, and other distinguishing features. They should also look for a suicide note and other corroborating evidence. In suicidal hanging, the rope moves from above downwards.
It is important to photograph the victim and the crime scene before lowering the body by cutting the ligature without disturbing the neck knot or the knot at the point of anchor. In cases of partial hanging, where only the head and chest are off the ground, the toes or feet or other body parts may contact the ground.
Hanging can also occur in atypical positions, where the knot is anywhere other than the typical position. In such cases, investigators should note the victim's finger and foot prints near the place of anchor and over the support, respectively.
In judicial hangings, the knot is placed below the chin and the length of rope from the point of suspension is equal to the height of the individual. The cause of death in judicial hanging is brainstem damage.
In conclusion, understanding the signs and investigative procedures related to hanging is crucial for forensic pathologists and investigators to accurately determine the cause and manner of death. It is a tragic method of death that leaves a lasting impact on those involved and serves as a reminder of the importance of mental health support and suicide prevention initiatives.
References: [1] Karger, D. L., & Schmidt, M. (2014). Forensic Medicine. Springer. [2] Rao, S. P. (2006). Forensic Medicine. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. [4] Schneider, J. (2016). Forensic Medicine: Diagnostic Techniques and Legal Aspects. Springer. [5] Wetli, R. A. (2014). The Anatomy of Death: Understanding the Mysteries of the Autopsy. Oxford University Press.
In forensic investigations, the signs of hanging — a specific ligature mark, congested areas, petechial hemorrhages, and other symptoms — can help distinguish it from other causes of death. This knowledge is essential for forensic pathologists and investigators to establish the manner and mechanism of death accurately. As for mental health, understanding the tragic impact of hanging serves as a reminder of the importance of health-and-wellness and mental-health support, particularly in suicide prevention initiatives. Additionally, neurological disorders can potentially influence the actions leading to a crime scene, and further research in this area may provide insights into criminal behavior.
